The latest generation of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have achieved impressive results in challeng- ing benchmarks on image recognition and object detection, significantly raising the interest of the community in these methods. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how different CNN methods compare with each other and with previous state-of- the-art shallow representations such as the Bag-of-Visual-Words and the Improved Fisher Vector. This paper conducts a rigorous evaluation of these new techniques, exploring different deep architectures and comparing them on a common ground, identifying and disclosing important implementation details. We identify several useful properties of CNN-based representations, including the fact that the dimensionality of the CNN output layer can be reduced significantly without having an adverse effect on performance. We also identify aspects of deep and shallow methods that can be successfully shared. A particularly significant one is data augmentation, which achieves a boost in performance in shallow methods analogous to that observed with CNN-based methods. Finally, we are planning to provide the configurations and code that achieve the state-of-the-art performance on the PASCAL VOC Classification challenge, along with alternative configurations trading-off performance, computation speed and compactness.

本文通过严格的评估探索了不同的深度学习架构，比较它们在公共领域的性能，并识别和披露了重要的实现细节，同时指出了CNN基础表示的几个有用属性，包括输出层维度可以显著降低而不会对性能产生不利影响，以及深浅层方法可以成功共享的方面。

细节之魔归来：深入探究卷积神经网络