We propose a Deep Texture Encoding Network (Deep-TEN) with a novel Encoding Layer integrated on top of convolutional layers, which ports the entire dictionary learning and encoding pipeline into a single model. Current methods build from distinct components, using standard encoders with separate off-the-shelf features such as SIFT descriptors or pre-trained CNN features for material recognition. Our new approach provides an end-to-end learning framework, where the inherent visual vocabularies are learned directly from the loss function. The features, dictionaries and the encoding representation for the classifier are all learned simultaneously. The representation is orderless and therefore is particularly useful for material and texture recognition. The Encoding Layer generalizes robust residual encoders such as VLAD and Fisher Vectors, and has the property of discarding domain specific information which makes the learned convolutional features easier to transfer. Additionally, joint training using multiple datasets of varied sizes and class labels is supported resulting in increased recognition performance. The experimental results show superior performance as compared to state-of-the-art methods using gold-standard databases such as MINC-2500, Flickr Material Database, KTH-TIPS-2b, and two recent databases 4D-Light-Field-Material and GTOS. The source code for the complete system are publicly available.

本文提出了一种基于深度学习的纹理编码网络——Deep-TEN，该网络集成了一种编码层，并通过端到端的学习框架直接学习词汇表和编码，支持多数据集联合训练，具有很好的纹理和物质识别性能。

Deep TEN：纹理编码网络