We explore deep reinforcement learning methods for multi-agent domains. We begin by analyzing the difficulty of traditional algorithms in the multi-agent case: Q-learning is challenged by an inherent non-stationarity of the environment, while policy gradient suffers from a variance that increases as the number of agents grows. We then present an adaptation of actor-critic methods that considers action policies of other agents and is able to successfully learn policies that require complex multi-agent coordination. Additionally, we introduce a training regimen utilizing an ensemble of policies for each agent that leads to more robust multi-agent policies. We show the strength of our approach compared to existing methods in cooperative as well as competitive scenarios, where agent populations are able to discover various physical and informational coordination strategies.

本文研究深度强化学习在多智能体领域的应用，提出一种基于演员-评论家方法的适应性策略，可成功学习需要多智能体协作的复杂策略，并通过使用每个智能体的策略集进行训练，得到了更强大、更健壮的策略。在合作和竞争场景中，我们的方法相比现有方法能够发现各种物理和信息协调策略。

多智能体演员-评论家在混合协作竞争环境下的应用