The prediction accuracy has been the long-lasting and sole standard for comparing the performance of different image classification models, including the ImageNet competition. However, recent studies have highlighted the lack of robustness in well-trained deep neural networks to adversarial examples. Visually imperceptible perturbations to natural images can easily be crafted and mislead the image classifiers towards misclassification. To demystify the trade-offs between robustness and accuracy, in this paper we thoroughly benchmark 18 ImageNet models using multiple robustness metrics, including the distortion, success rate and transferability of adversarial examples between 306 pairs of models. Our extensive experimental results reveal several new insights: (1) linear scaling law - the empirical $\ell_2$ and $\ell_\infty$ distortion metrics scale linearly with the logarithm of classification error; (2) model architecture is a more critical factor to robustness than model size, and the disclosed accuracy-robustness Pareto frontier can be used as an evaluation criterion for ImageNet model designers; (3) for a similar network architecture, increasing network depth slightly improves robustness in $\ell_\infty$ distortion; (4) there exist models (in VGG family) that exhibit high adversarial transferability, while most adversarial examples crafted from one model can only be transferred within the same family. Experiment code is publicly available at \url{https://github.com/huanzhang12/Adversarial_Survey}.

本研究通过使用多个强健度和成功率等措施，在306个模型对之间全面测试了18个ImageNet模型，并揭示了若干新的见解：（1）在分类错误的对数下，经验L2和L∞扭曲度量呈线性比例律；（2）模型架构比模型尺寸更重要；（3）对于相似的网络架构，略微增加网络深度可在L∞扭曲度上提高强健性；（4）存在具有高度敌对可转性的模型，而从一个模型制造的大多数敌对示例仅可以在同一家族内转移。

鲁棒性是准确性的代价吗？——对18个深度图像分类模型鲁棒性的全面研究