A large part of the current success of deep learning lies in the effectiveness of data -- more precisely: labelled data. Yet, labelling a dataset with human annotation continues to carry high costs, especially for videos. While in the image domain, recent methods have allowed to generate meaningful (pseudo-) labels for unlabelled datasets without supervision, this development is missing for the video domain where learning feature representations is the current focus. In this work, we a) show that unsupervised labelling of a video dataset does not come for free from strong feature encoders and b) propose a novel clustering method that allows pseudo-labelling of a video dataset without any human annotations, by leveraging the natural correspondence between the audio and visual modalities. An extensive analysis shows that the resulting clusters have high semantic overlap to ground truth human labels. We further introduce the first benchmarking results on unsupervised labelling of common video datasets Kinetics, Kinetics-Sound, VGG-Sound and AVE.

本文提出了一种基于音频和视觉的聚类方法，可以实现对视频数据集的无监督标记。经过广泛的分析，结果聚类与人工标签有很高的语义重叠性。同时，该方法也为Kinetics，Kinetics-Sound，VGG-Sound和AVE等常见视频数据集的无监督标记带来了首批基准结果。

利用多模态自监督从零开始标记未标记的视频