Wireless connectivity is instrumental in enabling scalable federated learning (FL), yet wireless channels bring challenges for model training, in which channel randomness perturbs each worker's model update while multiple workers' updates incur significant interference under limited bandwidth. To address these challenges, in this work we formulate a novel constrained optimization problem, and propose an FL framework harnessing wireless channel perturbations and interference for improving privacy, bandwidth-efficiency, and scalability. The resultant algorithm is coined analog federated ADMM (A-FADMM) based on analog transmissions and the alternating direct method of multipliers (ADMM). In A-FADMM, all workers upload their model updates to the parameter server (PS) using a single channel via analog transmissions, during which all models are perturbed and aggregated over-the-air. This not only saves communication bandwidth, but also hides each worker's exact model update trajectory from any eavesdropper including the honest-but-curious PS, thereby preserving data privacy against model inversion attacks. We formally prove the convergence and privacy guarantees of A-FADMM for convex functions under time-varying channels, and numerically show the effectiveness of A-FADMM under noisy channels and stochastic non-convex functions, in terms of convergence speed and scalability, as well as communication bandwidth and energy efficiency.

通过模拟传输和交替方向乘法的方法（ADMM），在单个信道上利用无线通道波动和干扰来改善隐私、带宽效率和可伸缩性的可扩展联合学习机制，可实现收敛保证的隐私保护，同时提高收敛速度、可扩展性、通信带宽和能量效率。

利用无线信道进行可扩展和隐私保护的联邦学习