Uncertainty quantification (UQ) plays a pivotal role in reduction of uncertainties during both optimization and decision making processes. It can be applied to solve a variety of real-world applications in science and engineering. Bayesian approximation and ensemble learning techniques are two most widely-used UQ methods in the literature. In this regard, researchers have proposed different UQ methods and examined their performance in a variety of applications such as computer vision (e.g., self-driving cars and object detection), image processing (e.g., image restoration), medical image analysis (e.g., medical image classification and segmentation), natural language processing (e.g., text classification, social media texts and recidivism risk-scoring), bioinformatics, etc.This study reviews recent advances in UQ methods used in deep learning. Moreover, we also investigate the application of these methods in reinforcement learning (RL). Then, we outline a few important applications of UQ methods. Finally, we briefly highlight the fundamental research challenges faced by UQ methods and discuss the future research directions in this field.

本研究回顾了当前深度学习中不确定性量化（UQ）方法的最新进展，其应用于计算机视觉，医学图像分析，自然语言处理等领域，并调查了这些方法在强化学习中的应用。接着，我们概述了UQ方法的几个重要应用，并简要概述了UQ方法面临的基本研究挑战，讨论了未来在此领域的研究方向。

深度学习中的不确定性量化综述：技术、应用与挑战