A set of novel approaches for estimating epistemic uncertainty in deep neural networks with a single forward pass has recently emerged as a valid alternative to Bayesian Neural Networks. On the premise of informative representations, these deterministic uncertainty methods (DUMs) achieve strong performance on detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data while adding negligible computational costs at inference time. However, it remains unclear whether DUMs are well calibrated and can seamlessly scale to real-world applications - both prerequisites for their practical deployment. To this end, we first provide a taxonomy of DUMs, evaluate their calibration under continuous distributional shifts and their performance on OOD detection for image classification tasks. Then, we extend the most promising approaches to semantic segmentation. We find that, while DUMs scale to realistic vision tasks and perform well on OOD detection, the practicality of current methods is undermined by poor calibration under realistic distributional shifts.

本文提出了一组新的方法，可以通过单次前向传递来估计深度神经网络中的认识不确定性，这些确定性不确定性方法在表示信息的前提下，在检测超出分布数据（OOD）方面表现出强大的性能，同时几乎不增加推理时间的计算成本。然而，DUMs是否校准良好且是否可以无缝地扩展到实际应用仍不清楚。本文对DUM进行分类和评估，发现当前方法的实用性受到分布移位校准的限制。

确定性认知不确定性的实用性