Language can be used as a means of reproducing and enforcing harmful stereotypes and biases and has been analysed as such in numerous research. In this paper, we present a survey of 304 papers on gender bias in natural language processing. We analyse definitions of gender and its categories within social sciences and connect them to formal definitions of gender bias in NLP research. We survey lexica and datasets applied in research on gender bias and then compare and contrast approaches to detecting and mitigating gender bias. We find that research on gender bias suffers from four core limitations. 1) Most research treats gender as a binary variable neglecting its fluidity and continuity. 2) Most of the work has been conducted in monolingual setups for English or other high-resource languages. 3) Despite a myriad of papers on gender bias in NLP methods, we find that most of the newly developed algorithms do not test their models for bias and disregard possible ethical considerations of their work. 4) Finally, methodologies developed in this line of research are fundamentally flawed covering very limited definitions of gender bias and lacking evaluation baselines and pipelines. We suggest recommendations towards overcoming these limitations as a guide for future research.

本文调查了304篇关于自然语言处理中的性别偏见的论文，分析了社会科学中性别及其类别的定义，并将其与自然语言处理中性别偏见的正式定义联系起来，概述了应用于性别偏见研究的词汇和数据集，并比较和对比了检测和缓解性别偏见的方法。我们发现性别偏见研究存在四个核心限制，提出了解决这些限制的建议作为未来研究的指南。

自然语言处理中的性别偏见调查