We propose a novel deliberation-based approach to end-to-end (E2E) spoken language understanding (SLU), where a streaming automatic speech recognition (ASR) model produces the first-pass hypothesis and a second-pass natural language understanding (NLU) component generates the semantic parse by conditioning on both ASR's text and audio embeddings. By formulating E2E SLU as a generalized decoder, our system is able to support complex compositional semantic structures. Furthermore, the sharing of parameters between ASR and NLU makes the system especially suitable for resource-constrained (on-device) environments; our proposed approach consistently outperforms strong pipeline NLU baselines by 0.82% to 1.34% across various operating points on the spoken version of the TOPv2 dataset. We demonstrate that the fusion of text and audio features, coupled with the system's ability to rewrite the first-pass hypothesis, makes our approach more robust to ASR errors. Finally, we show that our approach can significantly reduce the degradation when moving from natural speech to synthetic speech training, but more work is required to make text-to-speech (TTS) a viable solution for scaling up E2E SLU.

本文提出了一种新颖的基于推理的端到端（E2E）口语语音理解（SLU）方法，通过在自动语音识别（ASR）的文本和音频嵌入上进行条件控制，流式传输的ASR模型产生第一步的假设并由第二步的自然语言理解（NLU）组件生成语义解析。

面向设备的语音理解协商模型