Objective: A major challenge in closed-loop brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) is finding optimal stimulation patterns as a function of ongoing neural activity for different subjects and objectives. Traditional approaches, such as those currently used for deep brain stimulation, have largely followed a trial- and-error strategy to search for effective open-loop stimulation parameters, a strategy that is inefficient and does not generalize to closed-loop activity-dependent stimulation. Approach: To achieve goal-directed closed-loop neurostimulation, we propose the use of brain co-processors, devices which exploit artificial intelligence (AI) to shape neural activity and bridge injured neural circuits for targeted repair and rehabilitation. Here we investigate a specific type of co-processor called a "neural co-processor" which uses artificial neural networks (ANNs) to learn optimal closed-loop stimulation policies. The co-processor adapts the stimulation policy as the biological circuit itself adapts to the stimulation, achieving a form of brain-device co-adaptation. We tested the neural co-processor's ability to restore function after stroke by simulating a variety of lesions in a previously published cortical model of grasping. Main results: Our results show that a neural co-processor can restore reaching and grasping function after a simulated stroke in a cortical model, achieving recovery towards healthy function in the range 75-90%. Significance: This is the first proof-of-concept demonstration, using computer simulations, of a neural co-processor for activity-dependent closed-loop neurosimulation for optimizing a rehabilitation goal after injury. Our results provide insights on how such co-processors may eventually be developed for in vivo use to learn complex adaptive stimulation policies for a variety of neural rehabilitation and neuroprosthetic applications.

使用神经协处理器，应用深度学习和人工神经网络为针对性修复和康复进行闭环神经电刺激，通过监督学习获取合适的刺激方案并自适应调整以适应不断变化的脑部活动，建立了康复治疗的首个适应性、基于活动的闭环神经电刺激的设计思路。

神经协处理器用于恢复脑功能: 抓取的皮层模型结果