Reinforcement learning has been widely adopted to model dialogue managers in task-oriented dialogues. However, the user simulator provided by state-of-the-art dialogue frameworks are only rough approximations of human behaviour. The ability to learn from a small number of human interactions is hence crucial, especially on multi-domain and multi-task environments where the action space is large. We therefore propose to use structured policies to improve sample efficiency when learning on these kinds of environments. We also evaluate the impact of learning from human vs simulated experts. Among the different levels of structure that we tested, the graph neural networks (GNNs) show a remarkable superiority by reaching a success rate above 80% with only 50 dialogues, when learning from simulated experts. They also show superiority when learning from human experts, although a performance drop was observed, indicating a possible difficulty in capturing the variability of human strategies. We therefore suggest to concentrate future research efforts on bridging the gap between human data, simulators and automatic evaluators in dialogue frameworks.

本研究旨在探讨使用结构化政策提高在多领域和多任务环境下的强化学习样本效率。作者在测试不同结构化水平时，发现图形神经网络具有优势，且建议未来的研究应聚焦于连接人类数据、模拟器和自动评估器。

面向多领域和多任务对话的少样本结构化策略学习