Semantic image and video segmentation stand among the most important tasks in computer vision nowadays, since they provide a complete and meaningful representation of the environment by means of a dense classification of the pixels in a given scene. Recently, Deep Learning, and more precisely Convolutional Neural Networks, have boosted semantic segmentation to a new level in terms of performance and generalization capabilities. However, designing Deep Semantic Segmentation models is a complex task, as it may involve application-dependent aspects. Particularly, when considering autonomous driving applications, the robustness-efficiency trade-off, as well as intrinsic limitations - computational/memory bounds and data-scarcity - and constraints - real-time inference - should be taken into consideration. In this respect, the use of additional data modalities, such as depth perception for reasoning on the geometry of a scene, and temporal cues from videos to explore redundancy and consistency, are promising directions yet not explored to their full potential in the literature. In this paper, we conduct a survey on the most relevant and recent advances in Deep Semantic Segmentation in the context of vision for autonomous vehicles, from three different perspectives: efficiency-oriented model development for real-time operation, RGB-Depth data integration (RGB-D semantic segmentation), and the use of temporal information from videos in temporally-aware models. Our main objective is to provide a comprehensive discussion on the main methods, advantages, limitations, results and challenges faced from each perspective, so that the reader can not only get started, but also be up to date in respect to recent advances in this exciting and challenging research field.

本文针对自主行驶场景下的语义分割问题进行了调研，从模型开发、RGB-D数据集集成、时域信息模型三个方面讨论了目前最相关和最新的深度学习方法，旨在为读者提供关于这一激动人心和具有挑战性的研究领域的最新进展。

深度语义分割的三重审视：注重效率、时间性和深度感知的设计