To make robots accessible to a broad audience, it is critical to endow them with the ability to take universal modes of communication, like commands given in natural language, and extract a concrete desired task specification, defined using a formal language like linear temporal logic (LTL). In this paper, we present a learning-based approach for translating from natural language commands to LTL specifications with very limited human-labeled training data. This is in stark contrast to existing natural-language to LTL translators, which require large human-labeled datasets, often in the form of labeled pairs of LTL formulas and natural language commands, to train the translator. To reduce reliance on human data, our approach generates a large synthetic training dataset through algorithmic generation of LTL formulas, conversion to structured English, and then exploiting the paraphrasing capabilities of modern large language models (LLMs) to synthesize a diverse corpus of natural language commands corresponding to the LTL formulas. We use this generated data to finetune an LLM and apply a constrained decoding procedure at inference time to ensure the returned LTL formula is syntactically correct. We evaluate our approach on three existing LTL/natural language datasets and show that we can translate natural language commands at 75\% accuracy with far less human data ($\le$12 annotations). Moreover, when training on large human-annotated datasets, our method achieves higher test accuracy (95\% on average) than prior work. Finally, we show the translated formulas can be used to plan long-horizon, multi-stage tasks on a 12D quadrotor.

本文提出一种基于学习的方法，通过算法生成LTL公式，并将其转换为结构化英语进而利用现代大型语言模型的改写功能来合成自然语言命令，从而减少人工数据依赖，以75％的准确率将自然语言命令翻译成LTL规范，并发现该翻译的公式能够用于长视距的，多阶段任务的规划（以12D四旋翼为例）。

机器人任务规范的自然语言到线性时间逻辑翻译器的高效数据学习