The burgeoning fields of machine learning (ML) and quantum machine learning (QML) have shown remarkable potential in tackling complex problems across various domains. However, their susceptibility to adversarial attacks raises concerns when deploying these systems in security sensitive applications. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of the vulnerability of ML and QML models, specifically conventional neural networks (NN) and quantum neural networks (QNN), to adversarial attacks using a malware dataset. We utilize a software supply chain attack dataset known as ClaMP and develop two distinct models for QNN and NN, employing Pennylane for quantum implementations and TensorFlow and Keras for traditional implementations. Our methodology involves crafting adversarial samples by introducing random noise to a small portion of the dataset and evaluating the impact on the models performance using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score metrics. Based on our observations, both ML and QML models exhibit vulnerability to adversarial attacks. While the QNNs accuracy decreases more significantly compared to the NN after the attack, it demonstrates better performance in terms of precision and recall, indicating higher resilience in detecting true positives under adversarial conditions. We also find that adversarial samples crafted for one model type can impair the performance of the other, highlighting the need for robust defense mechanisms. Our study serves as a foundation for future research focused on enhancing the security and resilience of ML and QML models, particularly QNN, given its recent advancements. A more extensive range of experiments will be conducted to better understand the performance and robustness of both models in the face of adversarial attacks.

本研究使用恶意软件数据集 ClaMP，对传统的神经网络（NN）和量子神经网络（QNN）进行对抗攻击试验。结果发现，机器学习（ML）和量子机器学习（QML）模型均易受对抗攻击影响，尽管 QNN 在攻击后的精度和召回率方面表现更好，但准确率下降得更为显着。此研究为后续增强 ML 和 QML 模型（尤其是 QNN）的安全性和韧性打下了基础。

Exploring the Vulnerabilities of Machine Learning and Quantum Machine
  Learning to Adversarial Attacks using a Malware Dataset: A Comparative
  Analysis

利用恶意软件数据集探究机器学习和量子机器学习对对抗攻击的弱点：一项比较分析