In the past decade, deep neural networks have achieved significant progress in point cloud learning. However, collecting large-scale precisely-annotated training data is extremely laborious and expensive, which hinders the scalability of existing point cloud datasets and poses a bottleneck for efficient exploration of point cloud data in various tasks and applications. Label-efficient learning offers a promising solution by enabling effective deep network training with much-reduced annotation efforts. This paper presents the first comprehensive survey of label-efficient learning of point clouds. We address three critical questions in this emerging research field: i) the importance and urgency of label-efficient learning in point cloud processing, ii) the subfields it encompasses, and iii) the progress achieved in this area. To achieve this, we propose a taxonomy that organizes label-efficient learning methods based on the data prerequisites provided by different types of labels. We categorize four typical label-efficient learning approaches that significantly reduce point cloud annotation efforts: data augmentation, domain transfer learning, weakly-supervised learning, and pretrained foundation models. For each approach, we outline the problem setup and provide an extensive literature review that showcases relevant progress and challenges. Finally, we share insights into current research challenges and potential future directions. A project associated with this survey has been built at \url{https://github.com/xiaoaoran/3D_label_efficient_learning}.

本文首次综述了基于标注效率的点云数据学习，并提出了基于不同类型标签提供的数据前提条件组织标注效率学习方法。该文分类了四种典型的降低点云标注成本的方法：数据增强、域迁移学习、弱监督学习和预训练基础模型，并对这些方法进行了广泛的文献综述。同时，该文分析了当前研究中的挑战并提出了未来研究的发展方向。

三维点云的标签高效深度学习调研