Online abuse and threats towards politicians have become a significant concern in the Netherlands, like in many other countries across the world. This paper analyses gender differences in abuse received by Dutch politicians on Twitter, while taking into account the possible additional impact of ethnic minority status. All tweets directed at party leaders throughout the entire year of 2022 were collected. The effect of gender and ethnic minority status were estimated for six different linguistic measures of abuse, namely, toxicity, severe toxicity, identity attacks, profanity, insults, and threats. Contrary to expectations, male politicians received higher levels of all forms of abuse, with the exception of threats, for which no significant gender difference was found. Significant interaction effects between gender and ethnic minority status were found for a number of abuse measures. In the case of severe toxicity, identity attacks, and profanity, female ethnic minority politicians were more severely impacted than their ethnic majority female colleagues, but not worse than male politicians. Finally, female ethnic minority politicians received the highest levels of threats compared to all groups. Given that online abuse and threats are reported to have a negative effect on political participation and retention, these results are particularly worrying.

该论文分析了在推特上针对荷兰政治家的在线滥用和威胁，考虑了种族少数群体地位的可能影响，并发现女性少数群体政治家在辱骂、威胁等方面比其他政治家受到的影响更严重，这会对其参与政治和长期留任产生不利影响。

荷兰政治家在 Twitter 上的滥用行为中的性别差异