This paper continues the line of work on representing properties of actions in nonmonotonic formalisms that stresses the distinction between being "true" and being "caused", as in the system of causal logic introduced by McCain and Turner and in the action language C proposed by Giunchiglia and Lifschitz. The only fluents directly representable in language C+ are truth-valued fluents, which is often inconvenient. We show that both causal logic and language C can be extended to allow values from arbitrary nonempty sets. Our extension of language C, called C+, also makes it possible to describe actions in terms of their attributes, which is important from the perspective of elaboration tolerance. We describe an embedding of C+ in causal theories with multi-valued constants, relate C+ to Pednault's action language ADL, and show how multi-valued constants can be eliminated in favor of Boolean constants.

本文介绍了在非单调形式主义中表示行动属性的工作线，强调了“真实”和“因果”之间的区别，同时介绍了McCain和Turner引入的因果逻辑系统和由Giunchiglia和Lifschitz提出的行动语言C。我们展示了因果逻辑和语言C都可以扩展到允许来自任意非空集合的值，并介绍了C+语言的扩展，它还允许根据其属性描述动作，这在扩展容忍性的视角下非常重要。我们描述了将C+嵌入具有多值常量的因果理论，将C+与Pednault的行动语言ADL相关联，并展示了如何以布尔常量的方式消除多值常量。

因果定律与多值流变