Modeling and synthesizing low-light raw noise is a fundamental problem for computational photography and image processing applications. Although most recent works have adopted physics-based models to synthesize noise, the signal-independent noise in low-light conditions is far more complicated and varies dramatically across camera sensors, which is beyond the description of these models. To address this issue, we introduce a new perspective to synthesize the signal-independent noise by a generative model. Specifically, we synthesize the signal-dependent and signal-independent noise in a physics- and learning-based manner, respectively. In this way, our method can be considered as a general model, that is, it can simultaneously learn different noise characteristics for different ISO levels and generalize to various sensors. Subsequently, we present an effective multi-scale discriminator termed Fourier transformer discriminator (FTD) to distinguish the noise distribution accurately. Additionally, we collect a new low-light raw denoising (LRD) dataset for training and benchmarking. Qualitative validation shows that the noise generated by our proposed noise model can be highly similar to the real noise in terms of distribution. Furthermore, extensive denoising experiments demonstrate that our method performs favorably against state-of-the-art methods on different sensors. The source code and dataset can be found at ~\url{https://github.com/fengzhang427/LRD}.

通过使用生成模型来综合信号独立噪声，该方法可以同时学习不同ISO级别的噪声特性，并在各种传感器上进行泛化，通过傅里叶变换鉴别器准确区分噪声分布，验证结果显示该模型产生的噪声分布与实际噪声非常相似，对不同传感器进行去噪实验显示该方法在各个方面优于现有技术。

通向普适低光原始噪声合成与建模