The prevailing discourse around AI ethics lacks the language and formalism necessary to capture the diverse ethical concerns that emerge when AI systems interact with individuals. Drawing on Sen and Nussbaum's capability approach, we present a framework formalizing a network of ethical concepts and entitlements necessary for AI systems to confer meaningful benefit or assistance to stakeholders. Such systems enhance stakeholders' ability to advance their life plans and well-being while upholding their fundamental rights. We characterize two necessary conditions for morally permissible interactions between AI systems and those impacted by their functioning, and two sufficient conditions for realizing the ideal of meaningful benefit. We then contrast this ideal with several salient failure modes, namely, forms of social interactions that constitute unjustified paternalism, coercion, deception, exploitation and domination. The proliferation of incidents involving AI in high-stakes domains underscores the gravity of these issues and the imperative to take an ethics-led approach to AI systems from their inception.

通过基于塞恩和纳斯鲍姆的能力途径的框架，我们形成了一个道德概念和权益的网络，目的是让AI系统对利益相关者产生有意义的益处或帮助，从而提升他们推进生活计划和福祉的能力，同时维护他们的基本权利。我们表征了AI系统和其运作所影响的人之间道德可容许互动的两个必要条件，以及实现有意义益处理想的两个充分条件。同时，我们将这一理想与几种突出的故障模式进行对比，即构成不合理家长式主义、强制、欺骗、剥削和支配的社会互动形式。AI在高风险领域中的事件增加凸显了这些问题的重要性，也迫使我们从一开始就采取伦理导向的方法来应对AI系统。

恩惠智能：通过人工智能系统对益处、援助和相关道德失误进行能力建模