Ensuring alignment, which refers to making models behave in accordance with human intentions [1,2], has become a critical task before deploying large language models (LLMs) in real-world applications. For instance, OpenAI devoted six months to iteratively aligning GPT-4 before its release [3]. However, a major challenge faced by practitioners is the lack of clear guidance on evaluating whether LLM outputs align with social norms, values, and regulations. This obstacle hinders systematic iteration and deployment of LLMs. To address this issue, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of key dimensions that are crucial to consider when assessing LLM trustworthiness. The survey covers seven major categories of LLM trustworthiness: reliability, safety, fairness, resistance to misuse, explainability and reasoning, adherence to social norms, and robustness. Each major category is further divided into several sub-categories, resulting in a total of 29 sub-categories. Additionally, a subset of 8 sub-categories is selected for further investigation, where corresponding measurement studies are designed and conducted on several widely-used LLMs. The measurement results indicate that, in general, more aligned models tend to perform better in terms of overall trustworthiness. However, the effectiveness of alignment varies across the different trustworthiness categories considered. This highlights the importance of conducting more fine-grained analyses, testing, and making continuous improvements on LLM alignment. By shedding light on these key dimensions of LLM trustworthiness, this paper aims to provide valuable insights and guidance to practitioners in the field. Understanding and addressing these concerns will be crucial in achieving reliable and ethically sound deployment of LLMs in various applications.

为了确保大型语言模型在实际应用中与人类意图保持一致，本研究介绍了对LLM值得信赖性进行评估时需要考虑的关键维度，包括对LLM的可靠性、安全性、公平性、抵抗滥用性、可解释性和推理性、遵守社会规范以及鲁棒性进行调查研究。通过对几个广泛使用的LLM进行测试，研究结果表明，总体上，更加符合人类意图的模型在整体可信度方面表现更好，但是模型对不同可信度类别的影响程度有所不同，这凸显了在LLM对齐方面进行更加细致的分析、测试和不断改进的重要性。本研究旨在为该领域的从业人员提供有价值的见解和指导，理解和解决这些问题对于在各种应用中实现可靠和符合伦理的LLM部署至关重要。

值得信赖的LLM：评估大型语言模型的对齐性的调查和指南