As a promising paradigm federated Learning (FL) is widely used in privacy-preserving machine learning, which allows distributed devices to collaboratively train a model while avoiding data transmission among clients. Despite its immense potential, the FL suffers from bottlenecks in training speed due to client heterogeneity, leading to escalated training latency and straggling server aggregation. To deal with this challenge, a novel split federated learning (SFL) framework that pairs clients with different computational resources is proposed, where clients are paired based on computing resources and communication rates among clients, meanwhile the neural network model is split into two parts at the logical level, and each client only computes the part assigned to it by using the SL to achieve forward inference and backward training. Moreover, to effectively deal with the client pairing problem, a heuristic greedy algorithm is proposed by reconstructing the optimization of training latency as a graph edge selection problem. Simulation results show the proposed method can significantly improve the FL training speed and achieve high performance both in independent identical distribution (IID) and Non-IID data distribution.

提出了一种新颖的拆分联邦学习（SFL）框架，它通过将具有不同计算资源的客户端配对，将神经网络模型逻辑分为两部分，每个客户端只计算分配给它的部分，从而显著提高了联邦学习的训练速度，并在独立相同分布（IID）和非IID数据分布中实现了高性能。

高效异构联邦学习：一种基于匹配和分割学习的方法