Unsupervised anomaly detection methods offer a promising and flexible alternative to supervised approaches, holding the potential to revolutionize medical scan analysis and enhance diagnostic performance. In the current landscape, it is commonly assumed that differences between a test case and the training distribution are attributed solely to pathological conditions, implying that any disparity indicates an anomaly. However, the presence of other potential sources of distributional shift, including scanner, age, sex, or race, is frequently overlooked. These shifts can significantly impact the accuracy of the anomaly detection task. Prominent instances of such failures have sparked concerns regarding the bias, credibility, and fairness of anomaly detection. This work presents a novel analysis of biases in unsupervised anomaly detection. By examining potential non-pathological distributional shifts between the training and testing distributions, we shed light on the extent of these biases and their influence on anomaly detection results. Moreover, this study examines the algorithmic limitations that arise due to biases, providing valuable insights into the challenges encountered by anomaly detection algorithms in accurately learning and capturing the entire range of variability present in the normative distribution. Through this analysis, we aim to enhance the understanding of these biases and pave the way for future improvements in the field. Here, we specifically investigate Alzheimer's disease detection from brain MR imaging as a case study, revealing significant biases related to sex, race, and scanner variations that substantially impact the results. These findings align with the broader goal of improving the reliability, fairness, and effectiveness of anomaly detection in medical imaging.

非监督异常检测中的偏差和分布偏移对医学图像异常检测结果具有重要影响，特别是在阿尔茨海默病检测中，性别、种族和扫描仪变化等方面存在显著的偏差。

脑MRI无监督异常检测中的偏差