The emergent ability of Large Language Models to use a small number of examples to learn to perform in novel domains and tasks, also called in-context learning (ICL). In this work, we show that a much smaller model can be trained to perform ICL by fine-tuning towards a specialized training objective, exemplified on the task of domain adaptation for neural machine translation. With this capacity for ICL, the model can take advantage of relevant few-shot examples to adapt its output towards the domain. We compare the quality of this domain adaptation to traditional supervised techniques and ICL with a 40B-parameter Large Language Model. Our approach allows efficient batch inference on a mix of domains and outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in terms of both translation quality and immediate adaptation rate, i.e. the ability to reproduce a specific term after being shown a single example.

大型语言模型的新兴能力是利用少量示例来学习在新领域和任务中执行的能力，本文通过针对专门的培训目标进行微调展示了一个更小的模型可以被训练用于执行上下文学习，在神经机器翻译的领域适应任务上进行了示例。通过这种上下文学习的能力，模型可以利用相关的少量示例将其输出适应到该领域。我们将这种域自适应的质量与传统的监督技术以及基于400亿参数的大型语言模型的上下文学习进行了比较。我们的方法允许对多个领域进行高效的批处理推理，并在翻译质量和即时适应率方面优于现有技术基线，也就是在展示一次示例后重新生成特定术语的能力。

神经机器翻译模型可以学习成为少样本学习器