Structure learning is the crux of causal inference. Notably, causal discovery (CD) algorithms are brittle when data is scarce, possibly inferring imprecise causal relations that contradict expert knowledge -- especially when considering latent confounders. To aggravate the issue, most CD methods do not provide uncertainty estimates, making it hard for users to interpret results and improve the inference process. Surprisingly, while CD is a human-centered affair, no works have focused on building methods that both 1) output uncertainty estimates that can be verified by experts and 2) interact with those experts to iteratively refine CD. To solve these issues, we start by proposing to sample (causal) ancestral graphs proportionally to a belief distribution based on a score function, such as the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), using generative flow networks. Then, we leverage the diversity in candidate graphs and introduce an optimal experimental design to iteratively probe the expert about the relations among variables, effectively reducing the uncertainty of our belief over ancestral graphs. Finally, we update our samples to incorporate human feedback via importance sampling. Importantly, our method does not require causal sufficiency (i.e., unobserved confounders may exist). Experiments with synthetic observational data show that our method can accurately sample from distributions over ancestral graphs and that we can greatly improve inference quality with human aid.

借助生成流网络，利用原始信念分布比例对因果祖先图进行采样，然后通过层次变量间关系的有力实验设计，迭代地与专家互动，有效减少对因果祖先图的不确定性。通过重要性采样结合人的反馈，更新我们的样本，提高推理质量，并不需要因果充足（即可能存在未观察到的混淆变量）。实验结果表明，我们的方法能够准确地对因果祖先图的分布进行采样，并且在人类帮助下能够大大提高推理质量。

人机循环因果发现在潜在混杂下的祖先GFlowNets