Personalized adaptive interventions offer the opportunity to increase patient benefits, however, there are challenges in their planning and implementation. Once implemented, it is an important question whether personalized adaptive interventions are indeed clinically more effective compared to a fixed gold standard intervention. In this paper, we present an innovative N-of-1 trial study design testing whether implementing a personalized intervention by an online reinforcement learning agent is feasible and effective. Throughout, we use a new study on physical exercise recommendations to reduce pain in endometriosis for illustration. We describe the design of a contextual bandit recommendation agent and evaluate the agent in simulation studies. The results show that adaptive interventions add complexity to the design and implementation process, but have the potential to improve patients' benefits even if only few observations are available. In order to quantify the expected benefit, data from previous interventional studies is required. We expect our approach to be transferable to other interventions and clinical interventions.

个性化适应性干预的规划和实施存在挑战，本研究介绍了在线强化学习代理实施个性化干预的可行性和有效性的N-of-1试验设计，结果显示适应性干预能增加患者效益，但设计和实施过程变得更为复杂，同时需要利用之前干预研究的数据来量化预期效益。

设计和评估一个在线增强学习代理器，用于在个体化试验中进行身体锻炼推荐