Most contributions on Few-Shot Object Detection (FSOD) evaluate their methods on natural images only, yet the transferability of the announced performance is not guaranteed for applications on other kinds of images. We demonstrate this with an in-depth analysis of existing FSOD methods on aerial images and observed a large performance gap compared to natural images. Small objects, more numerous in aerial images, are the cause for the apparent performance gap between natural and aerial images. As a consequence, we improve FSOD performance on small objects with a carefully designed attention mechanism. In addition, we also propose a scale-adaptive box similarity criterion, that improves the training and evaluation of FSOD methods, particularly for small objects. We also contribute to generic FSOD with two distinct approaches based on metric learning and fine-tuning. Impressive results are achieved with the fine-tuning method, which encourages tackling more complex scenarios such as Cross-Domain FSOD. We conduct preliminary experiments in this direction and obtain promising results. Finally, we address the deployment of the detection models inside COSE's systems. Detection must be done in real-time in extremely large images (more than 100 megapixels), with limited computation power. Leveraging existing optimization tools such as TensorRT, we successfully tackle this engineering challenge.

本文通过在航拍图像中对现有少样本目标检测方法进行深入分析，发现自然图像和航拍图像之间存在较大的性能差距，导致的原因是航拍图像中小物体的数量较多。因此，本文提出了一种精心设计的注意力机制来改善少样本目标检测方法在小物体上的性能，并提出了一种自适应尺度框相似性准则，特别适用于小物体的训练和评估。同时，本文还通过度量学习和微调提出了两种用于通用少样本目标检测的不同方法，其中微调方法在处理诸如跨域少样本目标检测等更复杂场景方面取得了显著的成果。最后，针对在COSE系统中部署检测模型的需求，本文利用TensorRT等现有优化工具成功解决了在超大图像（超过100百万像素）中实时进行检测的工程挑战。

稀缺数据环境下航拍图像中的目标检测