Emerging as fundamental building blocks for diverse artificial intelligence applications, foundation models have achieved notable success across natural language processing and many other domains. Parallelly, graph machine learning has witnessed a transformative shift, with shallow methods giving way to deep learning approaches. The emergence and homogenization capabilities of foundation models have piqued the interest of graph machine learning researchers, sparking discussions about developing the next graph learning paradigm that is pre-trained on broad graph data and can be adapted to a wide range of downstream graph tasks. However, there is currently no clear definition and systematic analysis for this type of work. In this article, we propose the concept of graph foundation models (GFMs), and provide the first comprehensive elucidation on their key characteristics and technologies. Following that, we categorize existing works towards GFMs into three categories based on their reliance on graph neural networks and large language models. Beyond providing a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of graph foundation models, this article also discusses potential research directions for this evolving field.

提出了图基础模型（GFMs）的概念，并对其关键特征和技术进行首次全面阐述，然后将现有工作根据其依赖性分为三类，即基于图神经网络和大语言模型。本文不仅提供了对当前图基础模型领域的综合概述，还讨论了这一发展中领域的潜在研究方向。

走向图基础模型：调研与展望