Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have achieved substantial attention due to their impressive human language understanding and generation capabilities. Therefore, the application of LLMs in medicine to assist physicians and patient care emerges as a promising research direction in both artificial intelligence and clinical medicine. To this end, this survey provides a comprehensive overview of the current progress, applications, and challenges faced by LLMs in medicine. Specifically, we aim to address the following questions: 1) What are LLMs and how can medical LLMs be built? 2) What are the downstream performances of medical LLMs? 3) How can medical LLMs be utilized in real-world clinical practice? 4) What challenges arise from the use of medical LLMs? 5) How can we better construct and utilize medical LLMs? As a result, this survey aims to provide insights into the opportunities and challenges of LLMs in medicine and serve as a valuable resource for constructing practical and effective medical LLMs. A regularly updated list of practical guide resources of medical LLMs can be found at https://github.com/AI-in-Health/MedLLMsPracticalGuide.

大型语言模型（LLMs），如ChatGPT，因其卓越的人类语言理解和生成能力而受到广泛关注。因此，在医学领域应用LLMs以协助医师和患者护理成为人工智能和临床医学中一个有前景的研究方向。本调查旨在全面介绍LLMs在医学领域目前的进展、应用和挑战，回答以下问题：1）LLMs是什么以及如何构建医学LLMs？2）医学LLMs的下游性能如何？3）如何在真实临床实践中利用医学LLMs？4）使用医学LLMs会面临哪些挑战？5）如何更好地构建和利用医学LLMs？因此，本调查旨在深入探讨LLMs在医学领域的机遇和挑战，为构建实际和有效的医学LLMs提供有价值的资源。可以在此网址找到医学LLMs实用指南资源的定期更新列表。

医学中的大型语言模型调查：进展、应用和挑战