The integration of machine learning (ML) into cyber-physical systems (CPS) offers significant benefits, including enhanced efficiency, predictive capabilities, real-time responsiveness, and the enabling of autonomous operations. This convergence has accelerated the development and deployment of a range of real-world applications, such as autonomous vehicles, delivery drones, service robots, and telemedicine procedures. However, the software development life cycle (SDLC) for AI-infused CPS diverges significantly from traditional approaches, featuring data and learning as two critical components. Existing verification and validation techniques are often inadequate for these new paradigms. In this study, we pinpoint the main challenges in ensuring formal safety for learningenabled CPS.We begin by examining testing as the most pragmatic method for verification and validation, summarizing the current state-of-the-art methodologies. Recognizing the limitations in current testing approaches to provide formal safety guarantees, we propose a roadmap to transition from foundational probabilistic testing to a more rigorous approach capable of delivering formal assurance.

通过检查以测试为基础的验证和验证作为最实用的方法，并总结当前先进的方法学，在确保学习能力的 CPS 的形式安全方面，确定了当前测试方法的局限性，并提出了从基础概率测试过渡到更严格方法的路线图，以提供正式保证。

使用大型语言模型进行测试学习能力的网络物理系统：一种形式化方法