With the advancement of maritime unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and deep learning technologies, the application of UAV-based object detection has become increasingly significant in the fields of maritime industry and ocean engineering. Endowed with intelligent sensing capabilities, the maritime UAVs enable effective and efficient maritime surveillance. To further promote the development of maritime UAV-based object detection, this paper provides a comprehensive review of challenges, relative methods, and UAV aerial datasets. Specifically, in this work, we first briefly summarize four challenges for object detection on maritime UAVs, i.e., object feature diversity, device limitation, maritime environment variability, and dataset scarcity. We then focus on computational methods to improve maritime UAV-based object detection performance in terms of scale-aware, small object detection, view-aware, rotated object detection, lightweight methods, and others. Next, we review the UAV aerial image/video datasets and propose a maritime UAV aerial dataset named MS2ship for ship detection. Furthermore, we conduct a series of experiments to present the performance evaluation and robustness analysis of object detection methods on maritime datasets. Eventually, we give the discussion and outlook on future works for maritime UAV-based object detection. The MS2ship dataset is available at \href{https://github.com/zcj234/MS2ship}{https://github.com/zcj234/MS2ship}.

利用海洋无人机进行目标检测的深度学习技术在海洋工程和海洋行业的应用越来越重要。本文综述了海洋无人机目标检测面临的挑战、相关方法以及无人机航拍数据集，并提出了一个名为MS2ship的海洋无人机航拍数据集用于船只检测。通过一系列实验评估和鲁棒性分析，论文展示了这些目标检测方法在海洋数据集上的性能，并对未来的海洋无人机目标检测工作进行了讨论和展望。

基于深度学习的海上无人机影像目标检测：综述与实验比较