This study investigates the application of large language models (LLMs), specifically GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, with Chain-of-Though (CoT)in the automatic scoring of student-written responses to science assessments. We focused on overcoming the challenges of accessibility, technical complexity, and lack of explainability that have previously limited the use of automatic assessment tools among researchers and educators. We used a testing dataset comprising six assessment tasks (three binomial and three trinomial) with 1,650 student responses. We employed six prompt engineering strategies, combining zero-shot or few-shot learning with CoT, either alone or alongside item stem and scoring rubrics. Results indicated that few-shot (acc = .67) outperformed zero-shot learning (acc = .60), with 12.6\% increase. CoT, when used without item stem and scoring rubrics, did not significantly affect scoring accuracy (acc = .60). However, CoT prompting paired with contextual item stems and rubrics proved to be a significant contributor to scoring accuracy (13.44\% increase for zero-shot; 3.7\% increase for few-shot). Using a novel approach PPEAS, we found a more balanced accuracy across different proficiency categories, highlighting the importance of domain-specific reasoning in enhancing the effectiveness of LLMs in scoring tasks. Additionally, we also found that GPT-4 demonstrated superior performance over GPT-3.5 in various scoring tasks, showing 8.64\% difference. The study revealed that the single-call strategy with GPT-4, particularly using greedy sampling, outperformed other approaches, including ensemble voting strategies. This study demonstrates the potential of LLMs in facilitating automatic scoring, emphasizing that CoT enhances accuracy, particularly when used with item stem and scoring rubrics.

该研究通过应用大型语言模型（LLMs），特别是GPT-3.5和GPT-4，结合思维链（CoT），对学生科学评估中的写作回答进行自动评分的应用进行了调查，并专注于克服先前限制研究人员和教育工作者使用自动评估工具的可访问性、技术复杂性和解释性方面的挑战。研究结果表明，GPT-4相对于GPT-3.5在各种评分任务中表现出更高的性能，并且使用CoT能够提高评分准确性，特别是当与项目描述和评分标准一起使用时。

应用大型语言模型和思维链路实现自动评分