Medical imaging analysis has witnessed remarkable advancements even surpassing human-level performance in recent years, driven by the rapid development of advanced deep-learning algorithms. However, when the inference dataset slightly differs from what the model has seen during one-time training, the model performance is greatly compromised. The situation requires restarting the training process using both the old and the new data which is computationally costly, does not align with the human learning process, and imposes storage constraints and privacy concerns. Alternatively, continual learning has emerged as a crucial approach for developing unified and sustainable deep models to deal with new classes, tasks, and the drifting nature of data in non-stationary environments for various application areas. Continual learning techniques enable models to adapt and accumulate knowledge over time, which is essential for maintaining performance on evolving datasets and novel tasks. This systematic review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in continual learning techniques applied to medical imaging analysis. We present an extensive survey of existing research, covering topics including catastrophic forgetting, data drifts, stability, and plasticity requirements. Further, an in-depth discussion of key components of a continual learning framework such as continual learning scenarios, techniques, evaluation schemes, and metrics is provided. Continual learning techniques encompass various categories, including rehearsal, regularization, architectural, and hybrid strategies. We assess the popularity and applicability of continual learning categories in various medical sub-fields like radiology and histopathology...

在医学影像分析中，深度学习算法的快速发展使得医学影像分析取得了显著的进展，但是在推理数据集与模型训练时所见数据略有不同的情况下，模型的性能会受到很大影响。因此，需要采用连续学习技术来处理新类别、新任务和非稳态环境中的数据变化。本系统综述论文对连续学习技术在医学影像分析中的应用进行了全面的概述，包括灾难性遗忘、数据漂移、稳定性和可塑性要求等方面的研究，同时对连续学习方案、技术、评价方案和指标等关键组成部分进行了深入讨论。

医学影像分析中的持续学习：最新进展与未来前景的综述