At its core, this thesis aims to enhance the practicality of deep learning by improving the label and training efficiency of deep learning models. To this end, we investigate data subset selection techniques, specifically active learning and active sampling, grounded in information-theoretic principles. Active learning improves label efficiency, while active sampling enhances training efficiency. Supervised deep learning models often require extensive training with labeled data. Label acquisition can be expensive and time-consuming, and training large models is resource-intensive, hindering the adoption outside academic research and ``big tech.'' Existing methods for data subset selection in deep learning often rely on heuristics or lack a principled information-theoretic foundation. In contrast, this thesis examines several objectives for data subset selection and their applications within deep learning, striving for a more principled approach inspired by information theory. We begin by disentangling epistemic and aleatoric uncertainty in single forward-pass deep neural networks, which provides helpful intuitions and insights into different forms of uncertainty and their relevance for data subset selection. We then propose and investigate various approaches for active learning and data subset selection in (Bayesian) deep learning. Finally, we relate various existing and proposed approaches to approximations of information quantities in weight or prediction space. Underpinning this work is a principled and practical notation for information-theoretic quantities that includes both random variables and observed outcomes. This thesis demonstrates the benefits of working from a unified perspective and highlights the potential impact of our contributions to the practical application of deep learning.

通过改进深度学习模型的标签和训练效率，此研究旨在增强深度学习的实用性。具体地，研究基于信息论原理的数据子集选择技术，包括主动学习和主动采样，其中主动学习提高了标签效率，而主动采样增强了训练效率，并系统研究了这些技术在深度学习中的应用。

推进深度主动学习和数据子集选择：用信息理论直觉统一原则