Large language models (LLMs) can generate natural language texts for various domains and tasks, but their potential for clinical text mining, a domain with scarce, sensitive, and imbalanced medical data, is underexplored. We investigate whether LLMs can augment clinical data for detecting Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-related signs and symptoms from electronic health records (EHRs), a challenging task that requires high expertise. We create a novel pragmatic taxonomy for AD sign and symptom progression based on expert knowledge, which guides LLMs to generate synthetic data following two different directions: "data-to-label", which labels sentences from a public EHR collection with AD-related signs and symptoms; and "label-to-data", which generates sentences with AD-related signs and symptoms based on the label definition. We train a system to detect AD-related signs and symptoms from EHRs, using three datasets: (1) a gold dataset annotated by human experts on longitudinal EHRs of AD patients; (2) a silver dataset created by the data-to-label method; and (3) a bronze dataset created by the label-to-data method. We find that using the silver and bronze datasets improves the system performance, outperforming the system using only the gold dataset. This shows that LLMs can generate synthetic clinical data for a complex task by incorporating expert knowledge, and our label-to-data method can produce datasets that are free of sensitive information, while maintaining acceptable quality.

通过利用大规模语言模型生成合成的临床数据，我们研究了其在检测阿尔茨海默病相关迹象和症状方面的潜力，证明了大规模语言模型能够提高系统性能并生成不泄露敏感信息的数据集。

大型语言模型中的临床数据生成的两个方向：数据到标签和标签到数据