Federated learning aims to infer a shared model from private and decentralized data stored locally by multiple clients. Personalized federated learning (PFL) goes one step further by adapting the global model to each client, enhancing the model's fit for different clients. A significant level of personalization is required for highly heterogeneous clients, but can be challenging to achieve especially when they have small datasets. To address this problem, we propose a PFL algorithm named PAC-PFL for learning probabilistic models within a PAC-Bayesian framework that utilizes differential privacy to handle data-dependent priors. Our algorithm collaboratively learns a shared hyper-posterior and regards each client's posterior inference as the personalization step. By establishing and minimizing a generalization bound on the average true risk of clients, PAC-PFL effectively combats over-fitting. PACPFL achieves accurate and well-calibrated predictions, supported by experiments on a dataset of photovoltaic panel power generation, FEMNIST dataset (Caldas et al., 2019), and Dirichlet-partitioned EMNIST dataset (Cohen et al., 2017).

个性化联邦学习的PAC-PFL算法在一个PAC-Bayesian框架中应用差分隐私处理数据相关的先验概率，协同学习共享超后验，并将每个客户的后验推断视为个性化步骤，通过建立和最小化客户平均真实风险的泛化界限，有效地抑制过度拟合，从而实现准确和良好校准的预测。

个性化联邦学习的概率模型：一种PAC-Bayesian方法