Machine learning models, while progressively advanced, rely heavily on the IID assumption, which is often unfulfilled in practice due to inevitable distribution shifts. This renders them susceptible and untrustworthy for deployment in risk-sensitive applications. Such a significant problem has consequently spawned various branches of works dedicated to developing algorithms capable of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) generalization. Despite these efforts, much less attention has been paid to the evaluation of OOD generalization, which is also a complex and fundamental problem. Its goal is not only to assess whether a model's OOD generalization capability is strong or not, but also to evaluate where a model generalizes well or poorly. This entails characterizing the types of distribution shifts that a model can effectively address, and identifying the safe and risky input regions given a model. This paper serves as the first effort to conduct a comprehensive review of OOD evaluation. We categorize existing research into three paradigms: OOD performance testing, OOD performance prediction, and OOD intrinsic property characterization, according to the availability of test data. Additionally, we briefly discuss OOD evaluation in the context of pretrained models. In closing, we propose several promising directions for future research in OOD evaluation.

机器学习模型在非独立同分布的数据分布下表现出可疑的风险，因此需要发展算法来评估和改善模型的泛化能力以及处理分布变化的能力。本文综述了现有的非独立同分布泛化评估的研究，将其划分为三个范式：非独立同分布性能测试、非独立同分布性能预测和非独立同分布内在特性表征，并简要讨论了预训练模型的非独立同分布评价。最后，提出了未来研究的几个有前景的方向。

关于外分布泛化评估的调研