In this work, we discuss building performant Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). In particular, we study the importance of various architecture components and data choices. Through careful and comprehensive ablations of the image encoder, the vision language connector, and various pre-training data choices, we identified several crucial design lessons. For example, we demonstrate that for large-scale multimodal pre-training using a careful mix of image-caption, interleaved image-text, and text-only data is crucial for achieving state-of-the-art (SOTA) few-shot results across multiple benchmarks, compared to other published pre-training results. Further, we show that the image encoder together with image resolution and the image token count has substantial impact, while the vision-language connector design is of comparatively negligible importance. By scaling up the presented recipe, we build MM1, a family of multimodal models up to 30B parameters, consisting of both dense models and mixture-of-experts (MoE) variants, that are SOTA in pre-training metrics and achieve competitive performance after supervised fine-tuning on a range of established multimodal benchmarks. Thanks to large-scale pre-training, MM1 enjoys appealing properties such as enhanced in-context learning, and multi-image reasoning, enabling few-shot chain-of-thought prompting.

讨论构建出色的多模态大型语言模型的重要组成部分和数据选择，通过仔细和全面的分析，证明了使用图像-标题、交错图像-文本和仅文本数据进行大规模多模态预训练对于在多个基准测试中实现最新成果至关重要。通过扩展所提出的模型，构建了以稠密模型和专家混合模型为特征的MM1系列多模态模型，这些模型在预训练指标上取得最新成果，并在一系列已建立的多模态基准测试中实现了有竞争力的性能。

MM1: 多模态LLM预训练的方法、分析与洞察