We introduce Natural Learning (NL), a novel algorithm that elevates the explainability and interpretability of machine learning to an extreme level. NL simplifies decisions into intuitive rules, like "We rejected your loan because your income, employment status, and age collectively resemble a rejected prototype more than an accepted prototype." When applied to real-life datasets, NL produces impressive results. For example, in a colon cancer dataset with 1545 patients and 10935 genes, NL achieves 98.1% accuracy, comparable to DNNs and RF, by analyzing just 3 genes of test samples against 2 discovered prototypes. Similarly, in the UCI's WDBC dataset, NL achieves 98.3% accuracy using only 7 features and 2 prototypes. Even on the MNIST dataset (0 vs. 1), NL achieves 99.5% accuracy with only 3 pixels from 2 prototype images. NL is inspired by prototype theory, an old concept in cognitive psychology suggesting that people learn single sparse prototypes to categorize objects. Leveraging this relaxed assumption, we redesign Support Vector Machines (SVM), replacing its mathematical formulation with a fully nearest-neighbor-based solution, and to address the curse of dimensionality, we utilize locality-sensitive hashing. Following theory's generalizability principle, we propose a recursive method to prune non-core features. As a result, NL efficiently discovers the sparsest prototypes in O(n^2pL) with high parallelization capacity in terms of n. Evaluation of NL with 17 benchmark datasets shows its significant outperformance compared to decision trees and logistic regression, two methods widely favored in healthcare for their interpretability. Moreover, NL achieves performance comparable to finetuned black-box models such as deep neural networks and random forests in 40% of cases, with only a 1-2% lower average accuracy. The code is available via http://natural-learning.cc.

自然学习（NL）算法通过解析性和可解释性的机器学习带到了极限水平。通过提取很少的特征和语义原型，NL在多个领域表现出了令人印象深刻的结果，包括对癌症和分类数据集的高准确率和高性能与其他方法相媲美。