Transfer-based attacks craft adversarial examples utilizing a white-box surrogate model to compromise various black-box target models, posing significant threats to many real-world applications. However, existing transfer attacks suffer from either weak transferability or expensive computation. To bridge the gap, we propose a novel sample-based attack, named neighborhood conditional sampling (NCS), which enjoys high transferability with lightweight computation. Inspired by the observation that flat maxima result in better transferability, NCS is formulated as a max-min bi-level optimization problem to seek adversarial regions with high expected adversarial loss and small standard deviations. Specifically, due to the inner minimization problem being computationally intensive to resolve, and affecting the overall transferability, we propose a momentum-based previous gradient inversion approximation (PGIA) method to effectively solve the inner problem without any computation cost. In addition, we prove that two newly proposed attacks, which achieve flat maxima for better transferability, are actually specific cases of NCS under particular conditions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that NCS efficiently generates highly transferable adversarial examples, surpassing the current best method in transferability while requiring only 50% of the computational cost. Additionally, NCS can be seamlessly integrated with other methods to further enhance transferability.

使用轻量级计算依然能够高度传递的样本攻击方法(NCS)可生成高度传递的对抗性示例，并在计算成本上仅需要50%的要求，同时可与其他方法无缝集成以进一步提高传递性。

通过邻域条件采样增强对抗性可转移性