Empathy serves as a cornerstone in enabling prosocial behaviors, and can be evoked through sharing of personal experiences in stories. While empathy is influenced by narrative content, intuitively, people respond to the way a story is told as well, through narrative style. Yet the relationship between empathy and narrative style is not fully understood. In this work, we empirically examine and quantify this relationship between style and empathy using LLMs and large-scale crowdsourcing studies. We introduce a novel, theory-based taxonomy, HEART (Human Empathy and Narrative Taxonomy) that delineates elements of narrative style that can lead to empathy with the narrator of a story. We establish the performance of LLMs in extracting narrative elements from HEART, showing that prompting with our taxonomy leads to reasonable, human-level annotations beyond what prior lexicon-based methods can do. To show empirical use of our taxonomy, we collect a dataset of empathy judgments of stories via a large-scale crowdsourcing study with N=2,624 participants. We show that narrative elements extracted via LLMs, in particular, vividness of emotions and plot volume, can elucidate the pathways by which narrative style cultivates empathy towards personal stories. Our work suggests that such models can be used for narrative analyses that lead to human-centered social and behavioral insights.

借助LLMs和大规模众包研究，我们实证检验并量化了故事叙述风格和共情之间的关系，引入了HEART（人类共情和叙事分类系统）这一基于理论的新分类系统，证明了LLMs在从HEART中提取叙事要素方面的优势，并通过大规模众包研究收集到的情感判断数据集表明，通过LLMs提取的叙事要素，特别是情感的生动性和情节的音量，可以阐明叙事风格在培养对个人故事的共情中的路径。我们的工作表明，这样的模型可以用于引导以人为中心的社会和行为洞察的叙事分析。

HEART-felt Narratives: 追踪LLM中个人故事中的同理心和叙事风格