Conducting experiments to estimate total effects can be challenging due to cost, ethical concerns, or practical limitations. As an alternative, researchers often rely on causal graphs to determine if it is possible to identify these effects from observational data. Identifying total effects in fully specified non-temporal causal graphs has garnered considerable attention, with Pearl's front-door criterion enabling the identification of total effects in the presence of latent confounding even when no variable set is sufficient for adjustment. However, specifying a complete causal graph is challenging in many domains. Extending these identifiability results to partially specified graphs is crucial, particularly in dynamic systems where causal relationships evolve over time. This paper addresses the challenge of identifying total effects using a specific and well-known partially specified graph in dynamic systems called a summary causal graph, which does not specify the temporal lag between causal relations and can contain cycles. In particular, this paper presents sufficient graphical conditions for identifying total effects from observational data, even in the presence of hidden confounding and when no variable set is sufficient for adjustment, contributing to the ongoing effort to understand and estimate causal effects from observational data using summary causal graphs.

使用摘要因果图从观测数据中确定总效应的充分图形条件，即使存在隐藏的混杂和没有足够的变量集进行调整，也有助于从观测数据中理解和估计因果效应的持续努力。

潜在混淆变量的总效应在总结性因果图中的可识别性：基于前门准则的扩展