The performance of deep learning-based natural language processing systems is based on large amounts of labeled training data which, in the clinical domain, are not easily available or affordable. Weak supervision and in-context learning offer partial solutions to this issue, particularly using large language models (LLMs), but their performance still trails traditional supervised methods with moderate amounts of gold-standard data. In particular, inferencing with LLMs is computationally heavy. We propose an approach leveraging fine-tuning LLMs and weak supervision with virtually no domain knowledge that still achieves consistently dominant performance. Using a prompt-based approach, the LLM is used to generate weakly-labeled data for training a downstream BERT model. The weakly supervised model is then further fine-tuned on small amounts of gold standard data. We evaluate this approach using Llama2 on three different n2c2 datasets. With no more than 10 gold standard notes, our final BERT models weakly supervised by fine-tuned Llama2-13B consistently outperformed out-of-the-box PubMedBERT by 4.7% to 47.9% in F1 scores. With only 50 gold standard notes, our models achieved close performance to fully fine-tuned systems.

使用弱监督和微调大型语言模型（LLM）的方法，在几乎没有领域知识的情况下，能够在性能上显著优于传统的有限的标准数据的监督方法，利用基于提示的方法，LLM生成弱标记数据来训练下游的BERT模型，然后将弱监督模型进一步在少量的标准数据上进行微调，通过评估发现该方法优于out-of-the-box PubMedBERT 4.7%至47.9%的F1得分。

利用大型语言模型进行临床自然语言处理中基于无知识弱监督的优化