Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated surprising performance across various natural language processing tasks. Recently, medical LLMs enhanced with domain-specific knowledge have exhibited excellent capabilities in medical consultation and diagnosis. These models can smoothly simulate doctor-patient dialogues and provide professional medical advice. Most medical LLMs are developed through continued training of open-source general LLMs, which require significantly fewer computational resources than training LLMs from scratch. Additionally, this approach offers better protection of patient privacy compared to API-based solutions. This survey systematically explores how to train medical LLMs based on general LLMs. It covers: (a) how to acquire training corpus and construct customized medical training sets, (b) how to choose a appropriate training paradigm, (c) how to choose a suitable evaluation benchmark, and (d) existing challenges and promising future research directions are discussed. This survey can provide guidance for the development of LLMs focused on various medical applications, such as medical education, diagnostic planning, and clinical assistants.

大型语言模型（LLMs）在各种自然语言处理任务中表现出令人惊讶的性能。最近，结合领域特定知识的医学LLMs在医疗咨询和诊断方面展现出卓越能力。本文系统地探讨了如何基于通用LLMs训练医学LLMs，并提供了指导各种医学应用的LLMs发展的方法。

通用到医疗应用的大型语言模型调查：数据集、方法论和评估