The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to resolve societal challenges, such as eradicating poverty and improving the lives of vulnerable populations in impoverished areas. Those areas rely on road infrastructure construction to promote accessibility and economic development. Although publicly available data like OpenStreetMap is available to monitor road status, data completeness in impoverished areas is limited. Meanwhile, the development of deep learning techniques and satellite imagery shows excellent potential for earth monitoring. To tackle the challenge of road network assessment in impoverished areas, we develop a systematic road extraction framework combining an encoder-decoder architecture and morphological operations on satellite imagery, offering an integrated workflow for interdisciplinary researchers. Extensive experiments of road network extraction on real-world data in impoverished regions achieve a 42.7% enhancement in the F1-score over the baseline methods and reconstruct about 80% of the actual roads. We also propose a comprehensive road network dataset covering approximately 794,178 km2 area and 17.048 million people in 382 impoverished counties in China. The generated dataset is further utilized to conduct socioeconomic analysis in impoverished counties, showing that road network construction positively impacts regional economic development. The technical appendix, code, and generated dataset can be found at https://github.com/tsinghua-fib-lab/Road_network_extraction_impoverished_counties.

通过结合编码-解码架构和卫星图像的形态学运算，我们开发了一个系统的道路提取框架，为跨学科研究人员提供了一种集成的工作流。在贫困地区的实际数据上进行的道路网络提取的大量实验证明，相比于基准方法，F1得分提高了42.7％，重建了大约80％的实际道路。我们还提出了一个全面的道路网络数据集，涵盖了中国382个贫困县约794,178平方公里的面积和17.048万人口，利用这个生成的数据集进行了贫困县的社会经济分析，结果显示道路网络建设对地区经济发展有积极影响。

由卫星影像生成道路网络以获取贫困地区的社会经济洞察