Machine learning (ML) has revolutionized medical prognostics by integrating advanced algorithms with clinical data to enhance disease prediction, risk assessment, and patient outcome forecasting. This comprehensive review critically examines the application of various ML techniques in medical prognostics, focusing on their efficacy, challenges, and future directions. The methodologies discussed include Random Forest (RF) for sepsis prediction, logistic regression for cardiovascular risk assessment, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for cancer detection, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for predicting clinical deterioration. RF models demonstrate robust performance in handling high-dimensional data and capturing non-linear relationships, making them particularly effective for sepsis prediction. Logistic regression remains valuable for its interpretability and ease of use in cardiovascular risk assessment. CNNs have shown exceptional accuracy in cancer detection, leveraging their ability to learn complex visual patterns from medical imaging. LSTM networks excel in analyzing temporal data, providing accurate predictions of clinical deterioration. The review highlights the strengths and limitations of each technique, the importance of model interpretability, and the challenges of data quality and privacy. Future research directions include the integration of multi-modal data sources, the application of transfer learning, and the development of continuous learning systems. These advancements aim to enhance the predictive power and clinical applicability of ML models, ultimately improving patient outcomes in healthcare settings.

本研究针对医疗预后的现有问题，通过系统回顾各种机器学习技术的应用，指出了这些方法的有效性、挑战及未来方向。论文展示了随机森林、逻辑回归、卷积神经网络和长短期记忆网络等技术在疾病预测和风险评估中的关键优势，强调了模型解释性的重要性及数据质量的挑战，为提高患者预后提供了潜在影响。

医疗预后中的机器学习应用：全面综述