Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, finding applications across various domains. However, their reliance on massive internet-sourced datasets for training brings notable privacy issues, which are exacerbated in critical domains (e.g., healthcare). Moreover, certain application-specific scenarios may require fine-tuning these models on private data. This survey critically examines the privacy threats associated with LLMs, emphasizing the potential for these models to memorize and inadvertently reveal sensitive information. We explore current threats by reviewing privacy attacks on LLMs and propose comprehensive solutions for integrating privacy mechanisms throughout the entire learning pipeline. These solutions range from anonymizing training datasets to implementing differential privacy during training or inference and machine unlearning after training. Our comprehensive review of existing literature highlights ongoing challenges, available tools, and future directions for preserving privacy in LLMs. This work aims to guide the development of more secure and trustworthy AI systems by providing a thorough understanding of privacy preservation methods and their effectiveness in mitigating risks.

本研究探讨了大型语言模型（LLMs）在隐私保护方面面临的挑战，特别是在关键领域（如医疗保健）中的风险。提出从数据匿名化到差分隐私的多种解决方案，以在整个学习过程中有效地集成隐私保护机制。这项工作的关键发现是为构建更安全可信的人工智能系统提供了针对隐私保护方法的全面评估与未来发展方向的指导。

大型语言模型中的隐私保护：当前威胁与解决方案的调查