This study evaluates the reliability of two deep learning models for skin cancer detection, focusing on their explainability and fairness. Using the HAM10000 dataset of dermatoscopic images, the research assesses two convolutional neural network architectures: a MobileNet-based model and a custom CNN model. Both models are evaluated for their ability to classify skin lesions into seven categories and to distinguish between dangerous and benign lesions. Explainability is assessed using Saliency Maps and Integrated Gradients, with results interpreted by a dermatologist. The study finds that both models generally highlight relevant features for most lesion types, although they struggle with certain classes like seborrheic keratoses and vascular lesions. Fairness is evaluated using the Equalized Odds metric across sex and skin tone groups. While both models demonstrate fairness across sex groups, they show significant disparities in false positive and false negative rates between light and dark skin tones. A Calibrated Equalized Odds postprocessing strategy is applied to mitigate these disparities, resulting in improved fairness, particularly in reducing false negative rate differences. The study concludes that while the models show promise in explainability, further development is needed to ensure fairness across different skin tones. These findings underscore the importance of rigorous evaluation of AI models in medical applications, particularly in diverse population groups.

本研究旨在评估两种深度学习模型在皮肤癌检测中的可靠性，特别关注它们的可解释性和公平性。研究发现，尽管模型在大部分皮肤病变类型中表现良好，但在光照皮肤和深色皮肤之间的假阳性和假阴性率上存在显著差异，提出的后处理策略有效改善了公平性，强调了对AI医疗模型在不同人群中进行严格评估的必要性。

基于机器学习的皮肤癌诊断评估