Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are able to solve partial differential equations (PDEs) by incorporating the residuals of the PDEs into their loss functions. Variational Physics-Informed Neural Networks (VPINNs) and hp-VPINNs use the variational form of the PDE residuals in their loss function. Although hp-VPINNs have shown promise over traditional PINNs, they suffer from higher training times and lack a framework capable of handling complex geometries, which limits their application to more complex PDEs. As such, hp-VPINNs have not been applied in solving the Navier-Stokes equations, amongst other problems in CFD, thus far. FastVPINNs was introduced to address these challenges by incorporating tensor-based loss computations, significantly improving the training efficiency. Moreover, by using the bilinear transformation, the FastVPINNs framework was able to solve PDEs on complex geometries. In the present work, we extend the FastVPINNs framework to vector-valued problems, with a particular focus on solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional forward and inverse problems, including problems such as the lid-driven cavity flow, the Kovasznay flow, and flow past a backward-facing step for Reynolds numbers up to 200. Our results demonstrate a 2x improvement in training time while maintaining the same order of accuracy compared to PINNs algorithms documented in the literature. We further showcase the framework's efficiency in solving inverse problems for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations by accurately identifying the Reynolds number of the underlying flow. Additionally, the framework's ability to handle complex geometries highlights its potential for broader applications in computational fluid dynamics. This implementation opens new avenues for research on hp-VPINNs, potentially extending their applicability to more complex problems.

本研究针对hp-VPINNs在解决复杂几何体下不可压Navier-Stokes方程时面临的训练时间长和缺乏有效框架的问题，提出了FastVPINNs框架，利用张量计算显著提高训练效率。研究表明，该框架在解决正反问题时训练时间提高了2倍，并能准确识别流动的雷诺数，显示出在计算流体动力学中更广泛应用的潜力。

高效的hp变分PINNs框架用于不可压Navier-Stokes方程