As artificial intelligence transforms public sector operations, governments struggle to integrate technological innovations into coherent systems for effective service delivery. This paper introduces the Algorithmic State Architecture (ASA), a novel four-layer framework conceptualising how Digital Public Infrastructure, Data-for-Policy, Algorithmic Government/Governance, and GovTech interact as an integrated system in AI-enabled states. Unlike approaches that treat these as parallel developments, ASA positions them as interdependent layers with specific enabling relationships and feedback mechanisms. Through comparative analysis of implementations in Estonia, Singapore, India, and the UK, we demonstrate how foundational digital infrastructure enables systematic data collection, which powers algorithmic decision-making processes, ultimately manifesting in user-facing services. Our analysis reveals that successful implementations require balanced development across all layers, with particular attention to integration mechanisms between them. The framework contributes to both theory and practice by bridging previously disconnected domains of digital government research, identifying critical dependencies that influence implementation success, and providing a structured approach for analysing the maturity and development pathways of AI-enabled government systems.

本研究解决了政府在公共部门运营中整合人工智能技术创新的难题，并提出了算法国家架构（ASA），一个新的四层框架，阐明数字公共基础设施、政策数据、算法治理及GovTech的交互关系。研究表明，成功实施需要所有层面的平衡发展，特别关注它们之间的整合机制，从而为AI赋能政府的发展路径提供结构化的分析方法。

算法国家架构（ASA）：一个用于人工智能赋能政府的综合框架